Self-taught painter, conceptual artist, and writer Armando (born Herman Dirk van Dodeweerd) is considered one of the Netherlands’ most gifted artists. Having grown in the Netherlands during the German occupation and lived close to a “transition camp,” Armando was deeply disturbed by the cruelty of the Nazi guards. This experience has always informed his work. His first mature work was a series of black and red monochromatic paintings, and in the 1960s, he began a series of reductive compositions called “Boltzen” that feature bolts arrranged on white panels.